考试,学习_商务英语_剑桥商务英语中级网上课程-Rights at work
学习重点
1． Homework Review
2．
3． Problems at work
4． Vocabulary consolidation on unit 7b
5． Oral Practice --- What is important when……
6． 口语考试小结(一)
7． 商务文章阅读赏析
8． Homework
I. Homework Review
1. 近义词辨析。
(1) rise/ arise
(2) prevent/ protect
(3) handle/ lift
(4) slip/trip
(5) accident/ incident
incident noun [countable]
1 an event, especially one that is unusual, important, or violent
A spokesman said it was an isolated incident .Am I at risk because of some incident in my sexual past?
shooting/stabbing incident
Many shooting incidents go unreported.
without incident
The plane landed without incident.
Accident [countable] a situation in which someone is injured or something is damaged without anyone intending them to be
Ken had an accident at work and had to go to hospital.
I'm sorry about breaking the vase - it was an accident (=I did not intend to do it).
(6) wound/ injure
wound verb [transitive] to injure someone with a knife, gun etc
Gunmen killed two people and wounded six others in an attack today. be badly/seriously/critically etc wounded
Five people were killed and many others were seriously wounded in the attack.
be mortally/fatally wounded (=be wounded so badly that you die)
injure verb [transitive] to hurt yourself or someone else, for example in an accident or an attack
Angus injured his leg playing rugby yesterday.
be badly/seriously/critically injured
Two people have been critically injured in a road accident.
(7) harm/hurt
(8) precaution/prediction
(9) enquire/require
(10) personnel/ personal
2. 派生词练习。
(1) harm---harmful
(2) injure---injury
(3) oblige---obligation
(4) find---findings
(5) hazard---hazardous
(6) safe ---safety
(7) liable---liability
3. 介词填空。
(1) going out/ off
go out ▶FIRE/LIGHT◀ to stop burning or shining
Suddenly the candle went out.
go off ▶STOP WORKING◀
if a machine or piece of equipment goes off, it stops working
The central heating goes off at 9 o'clock. Suddenly, all the lights went off.
(2) risk of
(3) cause for concern
(4) useful for
(5) concentrate on
(6) take into account
(7) absent from
(8) prevent from
2. Report writing.
Date: 17 December 2006
Report on: New International Freight Agent
Introduction
This report aims to assess two agents for our international freight.
l Globelink
This company is experienced in sea freight, but air freight is also available. Besides, they can transport goods to worldwide destinations and can help us to complete all customs forms.
l FTD Shipping Agent
This company can transport any small orders to ports mainly in
Conclusions
It is concluded that Globelink is suitable for urgent orders for its air freight service and FTD could be used for small orders. Apart from it, the Globelink can transport goods everywhere while FTD can only reach major European ports. The quotation of Globelink competes favourably with FTD.
Recommendations
It is recommended that Globelink can meet most our needs and be served as our new agent.
II. Reading --- Tribunal rules on smoking at work case
rule verb
▶GOVERNMENT◀
[intransitive and transitive] to have the official power to control a country and the people who live there 统治，管理
Queen
▶CONTROL/INFLUENCE◀
[transitive] if a feeling or desire rules someone, it has a powerful and controlling influence on their actions 对……有控制或影响力
the passion for power and success which rules her life对权力和成功的追逐影响了她一生
▶COURT/LAW◀
[intransitive always + adv/prep, transitive] to make an official decision about something, especially a legal problem 裁决，决定
rule that
The judge ruled that she should have custody of the children. 法官裁决她拥有对孩子的抚养权。
rule on
The Supreme Court has yet to rule on the case. 高等法院还没有对这个案件做出裁决。
rule in favour of/against somebody/something
The tribunal ruled in her favour. 法庭做出了对她有利的裁决。
be ruled illegal/unlawful etc
This part of the bill was ruled unconstitutional. 法案的这个部分被裁定为不符合宪法。
ruling noun [countable] an official decision, especially one made by a court 裁决
ruling on
the recent Supreme Court ruling on defendants' rights 最近高等法院做出了对被告权利的裁决
beware verb [intransitive, transitive only in imperative and infinitive] 用在祈使句和不定式中
used to warn someone to be careful because something is dangerous 警告别人要小心
beware of
Beware of the dog! 小心这只狗！
beware of doing something
They should beware of making hasty decisions. 他们应该注意别匆忙做出决定。
Police warned drivers to beware. 警察警告驾驶者要小心。
law firm 律师事务所
specialist noun [countable]
1 someone who knows a lot about a particular subject, or is very skilled at it 专家，行家
ￚ同义词 expert
specialist in
an attorney who is a specialist in banking law 一位对银行法了如指掌的律师
a heart specialist 心脏专家
appeal verb
▶ASK◀
[intransitive] to make a serious public request for help, money, information etc 恳求，恳请
appeal for
Church and community leaders have appealed for calm. 教堂和社区领导都恳求大家安静下来。
appeal to
Farmers have appealed to the government for help. 农民们恳求政府予以帮助。
appeal to somebody to do something
The police have appealed to anyone with information to come forward and talk to them. 警察要求知情人前来警察局说明情况。
▶ASK TO CHANGE DECISION◀
[intransitive and transitive] to make a formal request to a court or someone in authority asking for a decision to be changed 申述，上诉
She is not happy with the decision and plans to appeal. 她对这个决定感到不满，所以计划上诉。
appeal against
Both men intend to appeal against their convictions. 这两个人都打算对这个有罪判罚提出申诉。
appeal to
Appealing to the referee does not often result in a decision being changed. 向裁判提出申诉并不能改变已经做出的判罚决定。
▶BE ATTRACTIVE◀
[intransitive] if someone or something appeals to you, they seem attractive and interesting 吸引
appeal to
The programme appeals especially to young children. 这个项目尤其会吸引小孩子。
The idea of working abroad really appeals to me. 我对到海外工作非常感兴趣。
appealing adjective
1 attractive or interesting 吸引人的，有趣的
ￚ反义词 unappealing
The city offers an appealing combination of sporting and cultural events. 这座城市安排了吸引人的运动和文化活动组合。
It creates an atmosphere which visitors find so appealing. 这个地方有一种让游客觉得非常有意思的氛围。
ￚappealingly adverb
solicitor [countable]
You need to see a solicitor. 你需要见一位律师。
a small firm of solicitors 一家小型的律师事务所
2 American English someone who goes from place to place trying to sell goods or services 推销员（美语）
A sign on the door read, 'No Solicitors.' 门上贴着“谢绝推销”的字样。
attorney noun [countable] American English a lawyer 美语：律师
draw up phrasal verb
1 draw something ↔ up
to prepare a written document, such as a list or contract 起草
Draw up a list of all the things you want to do. 把你要的所有东西都写下来。
draw up plans/proposals 起草计划/提议
He was asked to draw up proposals for reforming the law. 领导要求他起草有关改革法律的议案。
The contract was drawn up last year. 这份合同是去年起草的。
2 if a vehicle draws up, it arrives somewhere and stops 车辆开到某处并停下
A taxi drew up at the gate. 一辆出租车停在了大门口。
put up with somebody/something phrasal verb
to accept an unpleasant situation or person without complaining 容忍，忍受
She put up with his violent temper. 她容忍着他暴躁的脾气。
breach verb [transitive]
1 to break a law, rule, or agreement 破坏，违反，不履行
ￚ同义词 break
The company accused him of breaching his contract. 这家公司指控他违反了合同的约定。
Traders who breach the rules could face a fine of up to £10,000. 违反规定的贸易商们可能要面对高达1万英镑的罚款。
breach noun
1 [uncountable and countable] an action that breaks a law, rule, or agreement 违反，破坏
breach of
This was a clear breach of the 1994 Trade Agreement. 这种做法明显地违反了1994年贸易和约中的有关规定。
They sued the company for breach of contract. 他们起诉该公司违反了合同中的约定。
a breach of professional duty 不履行工作职责
be in breach of something
He was clearly in breach of the law. 很清楚，他违法了。
2 [countable] a serious disagreement between people, groups, or countries 不同意见
breach with
breach between
What had caused the sudden breach between Henry and his son? 是什么让亨利和他的儿子之间突然意见不和？
She wanted to help heal the breach between them. 她想帮助愈合他们之间的不同意见。
contractual adjective [only before noun] agreed in a contract契约的；契约性的
Tutors have a contractual obligation to research and publish. 老师们在合同的约定中有责任做研究和发表文章。
ￚcontractually adv
obligation noun [uncountable and countable]
a moral or legal duty to do something （道德或法律）责任，义务，职责
obligation to
Employers have an obligation to treat all employees equally. 老板有平等对待员工的责任。
Parents are under a legal obligation to educate their children. 家长有法律义务去教育自己的孩子。
Greater resources are needed to meet these obligations. 这里需要更多的资源才能履行这些职责。
The government must pay for health care for war veterans - it is an obligation we owe to them. 政府必须向老兵支付医疗费用--- 这是我们欠他们的责任。
a moral obligation to help the poor 帮助穷人的道义
He stayed with the team out of a sense of obligation. 他出于责任感而继续留在了这个队伍里。
prompt adjective
1 done quickly, immediately, or at the right time迅速的；即时的
Prompt action must be taken. 必须立即采取措施。
Prompt payment is requested. 我们要求立即付款。
a prompt response 迅速答复
2 [not before noun] someone who is prompt arrives or does something at the right time and is not late 准时的
Lunch is at two. Try to be prompt. 午餐在两点钟。一定要准时。
ￚpromptness noun [uncountable]
grievance noun [uncountable and countable]
a belief that you have been treated unfairly, or an unfair situation or event that affects and upsets you不满；不平
anyone who has a legitimate grievance against the company 任何一个对公司有合理不满情绪的人
a means of overcoming genuine grievances 一种克服真正不满情绪的途径
There must be an opportunity for both sides to air their grievances. 双方都有机会宣泄自己的不满。
damage noun
▶PHYSICAL HARM◀
[uncountable] physical harm that is done to something or to a part of someone's body, so that it is broken or injured伤害
damage to
damage to property
These chemicals have been found to cause serious environmental damage.
The earthquake caused extensive structural damage.
His eyesight may have suffered irreparable damage.
The other ship sustained only minor damage.
The insurance covers accidental damage to the vehicle.
There may be permanent brain damage.
the need to reduce flood damage
2 ▶EMOTIONAL HARM◀
[u] harm caused to someone's emotions or mind 精神上的伤害
The death of a parent can cause long-lasting psychological damage.
3 ▶BAD EFFECT◀
[uncountable] a bad effect on something 恶劣的影响
damage to
The damage to his reputation was considerable.
The closure of the factory will cause severe damage to the local economy.
4 damages [plural] law money that a court orders someone to pay to someone else as a punishment for harming them or their property 法庭判决支付的赔偿金
The court awarded him £
implement verb [transitive]
to take action or make changes that you have officially decided should happen履行；兑现
implement a policy/plan/decision etc 履行一项政策/一个计划/一项决定
We have decided to implement the committee's recommendations in full. 我们决定全面贯彻该委员会的建议。
ￚimplementation noun [uncountable]
the implementation of the peace plan 贯彻和平计划
enforce verb [transitive]
1 to make people obey a rule or law 执行
enforce a law/ban etc 执行法律/ 一项禁令
Governments make laws and the police enforce them. 政府制定法律，而警察执行法律。
Parking restrictions will be strictly enforced. 我们严格执行禁止停车的规定。
2 to make something happen or force someone to do something 让某事发生，强迫某人做某事
enforce something on somebody
It is unlikely that a record company would enforce its views on an established artist. 一家唱片公司不可能将自己的观点强加给一个老牌的艺术家。
ￚenforceable adjective
ban noun [countable]
an official order that prevents something from being used or done 禁令
ban on
a total ban on cigarette advertising 全面禁止香烟广告
lift/impose a ban 撤销/实施一项禁令
a call to lift the ban on homosexuals in the military 呼吁取消禁止军队同性恋的决定
ban [transitive] verb
past tense and past participle banned present participle banning
to say that something must not be done, seen, used etc 禁止
ￚ同义词 prohibit
ￚ反义词 allow
Smoking is banned in the building. 这座大楼禁止吸烟。
ban somebody from doing something
Charlie's been banned from driving for a year. 查理一年内不许开车。
a banned substance/drug (=a drug that people competing in a sport are not allowed to take because it improves their performance) 禁用的物质/药物
ￚbanning noun [uncountable] the banning of trade unions 禁止工会组织
dismiss verb [transitive]
1 to refuse to consider someone's idea, opinion etc, because you think it is not serious, true, or important 不再考虑，拒绝考虑，不接受，抛弃
The government has dismissed criticisms that the country’s health policy is a mess. 该国政府不接受人们关于卫生政策混乱不堪的批评意见。
dismiss something as something
He just laughed and dismissed my proposal as unrealistic. 他对我的提议一笑了之，说我的提议不切合实际。
2 to remove someone from their job 解雇
ￚ同义词 fire, sack
dismiss somebody from something
Bryant was unfairly dismissed from his post. …被不公正地剥夺了工作的权利。
dismiss somebody for something
Employees can be dismissed for sending obscene emails. 员工可能会由于发送粗俗的电子邮件而被解雇。
3 formal to tell someone that they are allowed to go, or are no longer needed 下课
The class will be dismissed early today. 今天的课程会早点结束。
4 if a judge dismisses a court case, he or she stops it from continuing 驳回，不受理
The case was dismissed owing to lack of evidence. 这个案件由于缺乏证据而被驳回。
dismissal noun
[uncountable and countable] when someone is removed from their job 解雇
No dismissals have been announced yet. 目前还没有宣布解雇人员名单。
claim verb
▶TRUTH◀
[transitive] to state that something is true, even though it has not been proved 宣称
claim (that)
The company claims that their product 'makes you thin without dieting'. 该公司宣称说服用他们的产品可以不用节食就变瘦。
claim to do/be something
No responsible therapist will claim to cure your insomnia. 没有一位有责任心的医师能治疗好你的失眠症。
I don't claim to be a feminist, but I'd like to see more women in managerial posts. 我不是女权主义者，但是我愿意看到更多的妇女能够做到经理级的职位。
claim to have done something
Two young girls claim to have seen the fairies. 两名年轻女孩声称她们见到过小仙女。
claim responsibility/credit (for something) (=say officially that you are responsible for something that has happened) 声称负责
The group claimed responsibility for a series of bombings. 该组织声称对一系列的爆炸负责。
Opposition leaders will claim victory if the turnout is lower than 50%. 如果参加选举的人数少于50%的话，反对党领导将会宣布他们取得了胜利。
claim somebody/something as something
A letter appeared in The Times claiming Fleming as the discoverer of penicillin. 一封刊登在泰晤士报上的信说夫雷明是青霉素的发现者。
▶MONEY◀
[intransitive and transitive] to officially demand or receive money from an organization because you have a right to it 正式索要或收到钱
claim something back
He should be able to claim the price of the ticket back. 他可以要求把购买票的钱要回来。
claim on
British English
You can claim on the insurance if you have an accident while on holiday. 如果你再度假期间发生了事故，你可以向保险公司索赔。
claim benefit/an allowance/damages etc 索要福利/补助/赔偿金
If you're still not satisfied, you may be able to claim compensation. 如果你还不满意的话，你可以索要补偿金。
▶LEGAL RIGHT◀
[transitive] to state that you have a right to take or have something that is legally yours 要求承认所有权
The majority of those who claim asylum are genuine refugees. 大多数要求庇护的人都是真正的难民。
Lost property can be claimed between
▶DEATH◀
[transitive] if a war, accident etc claims lives, people die because of it - used especially in news reports 夺走生命（新闻用语）
The earthquake has so far claimed over 3000 lives. 这次地震到目前为止已经夺走了3000多人的生命。
claim noun [countable]
▶TRUTH◀
a statement that something is true, even though it has not been proved 声明
claim that
Gould rejected claims that he had acted irresponsibly. … 否认他不负责任的说法。
false/extravagant/dubious etc claims
firms that make false claims about their products 对自己产品做出虚假声明的公司
They made claims they couldn’t live up to. 他们的声明无法兑现。
▶MONEY◀
a) an official request for money that you think you have a right to 赔偿要求
claim for
claims for compensation 索要赔偿金
A disabled man has lost his claim for unfair dismissal. 一位残疾人无法得到由于不公正解雇而应得到的赔偿金。
make/put in/file a claim 提出赔偿要求
All claims should be made in writing. 赔偿要求应该以书面形式提交。
pay/wage claim (=a request from workers for more money) 提高公司的要求
Fill in and return the claim form as soon as it arrives. 提高工资的申请表一到，就请你填好并寄回。
b) the sum of money you request when you make a claim 赔款
The insurance company cannot meet (=pay) such enormous claims.保险公司不能支付如此大额的保险费。
▶RIGHTS◀
a right to do something or to have something, especially because it belongs to you or because you deserve it 要求权
claim to/on
Surely they have a rightful claim on their father's land? 他们真地有合法权力得到他们父亲的土地吗？
sensible adjective
1 reasonable, practical, and showing good judgment 合理的，实际的
It's sensible to keep a note of your passport number. 把你的护照号码记下来是很合理的做法。
2 suitable for a particular purpose, and practical rather than fashionable 适当的
Eat a sensible diet and exercise daily. 饮食要合理，每天要锻炼。
an old woman in sensible shoes and a neat skirt 一位穿着实用的鞋子和得体裙子的老妇人
3 formal noticeable 引人注目的
a sensible increase in temperature 温度明显的上升
4 be sensible of something
literary to know or realize that something exists or is true 知道，意识到
He was very sensible of the difficult situation she was in. 他对她所处的困难环境非常清楚。
ￚsensibly adverb
Reading ex. 3.
1. F
2. F
3. T
formulate verb [transitive]
1 to develop something such as a plan or a set of rules, and decide all the details of how it will be done 制定
formulate a policy/plan/strategy etc 制定政策/计划/战略
Tawney formulated Labour Party education policy in 1922. 托内于1922年制定了工党教育政策。
formulate an idea/theory
Charles Darwin formulated the theory of natural selection. 查尔斯•达尔文系统地阐述了自然淘汰的法则。
2 to think carefully about what to say, and say it clearly 明确地表达
We are studying the situation but have not formulated any response yet. 我们正在研究情况，但是还没有找到合适的答复。
ￚformulation /noun [uncountable and countable] the formulation of clear objectives
制定了清楚的目标
4. T
5. F
Grammar.
Obligation
Staff must be consulted (and given …)
Recommendation
A smoking policy should be drawn up
Employers are advised to…
Employers are recommended to …
Possibility
They might be faced with …
They could be faced with …
Other examples of the passive
The employee was forced to …(or this could be put in the category of obligation)
All the doors were kept open
She was finally told to…
The plaintiff was awarded damages…
III. Problems at work
Listening.
commute verb
1 [intransitive] to regularly travel a long distance to get to work每天往返上班；定期往返于两地间
commute to/from/between
Jim commutes to
2 commute a sentence (to something)
technical to change the punishment given to a criminal to one that is less severe 减轻判罚
Baldry's 20-year prison sentence was commuted to three years. ….被判20年入狱减到3年。
3 commute something for/into something
technical to exchange one thing, especially one kind of payment, for another 该换某物，折合成
He commuted his pension for a lump sum. 他把养老金换成一次总付的形式支付。
observe verb
1 [transitive not in progressive] formal to see and notice something 看见，看到
Scientists have observed a drop in ozone levels over the Antarctic. 科学家观测到在南极洲上臭氧层降低。
observe that
It was observed that 40 percent of patients had high blood pressure. 据观测有40%的病人有高血压。
observe somebody doing something
Officers observed him driving at 90 miles per hour. 警察观测到他开车的时速达到了每小时90英里。
2 [intransitive and transitive] to watch something or someone carefully 密切观察
The police have been observing his movements. 警方密切观测他的行踪。
observe what/how/where
Observe how the people in the group interact. 观察这个组中的人们是如何互动的。
3 [transitive] to do what you are supposed to do according to a law or agreement遵守
ￚ同义词 obey
So far the ceasefire has been observed by both sides. 到目前为止，双方都遵守停战协议。
observer [countable]
1someone who regularly watches or pays attention to particular things, events, situations etc 观察家
an observer of nature 自然观察家
political observers 政治观察家
Observers are predicting a fall in interest rates. 观察家们预测利率将会下调。
2someone who attends meetings, classes, events etc to check what is happening 会议观察员
The UN sent observers to the peace talks. 联合国派遣观察员参加和平谈判。
Independent observers monitored the elections. 独立观察员监督整个选举过程。
3someone who sees or looks at something 目击者
reports from observers at sea and on dry land 来自海边和陆地的目击者的报告
observatory noun plural observatories [countable]
a special building from which scientists watch the moon, stars, weather etc观象台
overtime noun [uncountable]
1 time that you spend working in your job in addition to your normal working hours超时；加班
six hours' overtime 加班六小时
They're working overtime to get the job finished. 他们现在正在加班才能把工作完成。
He's been doing a lot of overtime recently. 他最近经常加班。
Many employees work countless hours of unpaid overtime. 许多员工无偿加班很长时间。
Many of our offices will be working on overtime until the end of the year. 我们许多办事处的员工要一支加班到年底。
2 the money that you are paid for working more hours than usual
He earns £
3 be working overtime
informal to be very active
As she put down the phone, her brain was working overtime. His senses were working overtime.
sexual harassment noun [uncountable]
sexual remarks, looks, or touching done to someone who does not want it, especially from someone they work with性骚扰
harassment n [uncountable]
when someone behaves in an unpleasant or threatening way towards you骚扰，侵袭
African-Americans have been complaining about police harassment for years. 非洲裔美国人不断地抱怨警察这些年来对他们的骚扰。
harassment of
Political parties are banned, and harassment of dissidents is commonplace. 不同的政党被取消，当然不同政见者的骚扰也就比比皆是了。
sexual/racial harassment (=because of someone's sex or race) 性骚扰/种族骚扰
We need effective strategies to combat sexual harassment in the workplace. 我们需要有效的战略来应对工作中的性骚扰。
Answer Key
1. B 2. F 3. A 4. E 5. G
Speaker One
abuse verb [transitive]
1to treat someone in a cruel and violent way, often sexually 虐待
sexually/physically abused 性虐待/身体虐待
She was sexually abused as a child. 她还是个孩子的时候曾经被虐待过。
2 to deliberately use something for the wrong purpose or for your own advantage 滥用
Williams abused his position as Mayor to give jobs to his friends. 威廉滥用他当市长的权利把很多工作岗位给了他的朋友。
Morris abused the trust the firm had shown in him. 莫里斯滥用了公司赋予他的信任。
people who abuse the system 滥用这一体制的人们
abuse alcohol/drugs 嗜酒/ 吸毒
The proportion of drinkers who abuse alcohol is actually quite small. 嗜酒的人其实只占了很小一部分。
---abuse n.
justify verb[transitive]
past tense and past participle justified present participle justifying third person singular justifies
1 to give an acceptable explanation for something that other people think is unreasonable 证明….是正当的
Ministers must appear before parliament and justify their actions. 部长们必须要在议会的议员们面前说明自己的行为是正当的。
justify doing something
How can we justify spending so much money on arms? 你如何能说明你在武器上花费这么多的钱是正当的？
justify yourself (=prove that what you are doing is reasonable)
I don't have to justify myself to you or anyone else. 我不必向你或是其他人证明我这么做是有道理的。
2 to be a good and acceptable reason for something可以被人接受的理由
Nothing justifies murdering another human being. 没有什么事物可以证明杀害别人是正当的行为。
Speaker Three.
prioritize verb [transitive]
1 to put several things, problems etc in order of importance, so that you can deal with the most important ones first把...区分优先次序
You need to prioritize your tasks. 你需要先做最重要的工作。
2 to deal with one thing first, because it is the most important 优先处理
The public wants to see the fight against crime prioritized. 公众想要看到整治犯罪的行动最先打响。
if one process keeps up with another, it increases at the same speed and by the same amount 跟上，赶上
keep up with
Food production is not keeping up with population growth. 食品生产的速度赶不上人口的增长。
workload noun [countable]
the amount of work that a person or organization has to do工作量
She's struggling to cope with the heavy workload. 她努力完成大负荷的工作量。
increase/reduce/add to etc somebody's workload
We've got to find ways of reducing Gail's workload next year. 我们要在明年想办法减少…的工作量。
Speaker Five.
fed up adjective
informal annoyed or bored, and wanting something to change饱受, 厌烦
She felt tired and a bit fed up. 她很疲倦，有一点烦躁。
fed up with
I'm really fed up with this constant rain. 我真是受够了这连绵不断的雨水。
Anna got fed up with waiting. 安娜受够了等待之苦。
sack verb [transitive]
1 British English informal to dismiss someone from their job开除，解雇
ￚ同义词 fire
They couldn't sack me - I'd done nothing wrong. 他们不能解雇我，我没有做错任何事情。
sack somebody from something
He was sacked from every other job he had. 他每做一件工作后都会被解雇。
sack somebody for (doing) something
He was sacked for being drunk. 由于醉酒他被解雇了。
Speaking.
verbal adjective
1 spoken rather than written口头的
verbal agreement/instructions etc 口头协议/指令
2 relating to words or using words 语言的；用词的
verbal skills 语言技巧
verbal abuse (=cruel words) from other kids on the street 街头孩子叫嚷的刺耳话语
3relating to a verb 与动词有关的
verbal nouns 动名词
ￚverbally adverb
Her boss failed to stop the other workers from verbally abusing her. 她的老板不能阻止其他工人在言语上辱骂她。
physically adverb
She is young and physically fit. 她很年轻，身体健康。
Do you find him physically attractive? 你发现他的身材很迷人吗？
I felt physically sick at the thought. 一想到这里我就觉得身体不舒服。
children who have been physically abused 受到身体虐待的孩子
curriculum vitae noun [countable]
American Equivalent: resume
2 American English a short written description of a university teacher's previous jobs and work, that they send when looking for a new teaching job 美国英语：大学教师在寻找新的教学岗位前的教学经历描述
exaggerate verb [intransitive and transitive]
to make something seem better, larger, worse etc than it really is夸张；夸大
I couldn't sleep for three days - I'm not exaggerating. 我三天没有睡觉了 --- 我绝对没有夸大事实。
it's easy/difficult/impossible to exaggerate something
qualification noun
1 [countable usually plural] if you have a qualification, you have passed an examination or course to show you have a particular level of skill or knowledge in a subject 学历，资格
academic/vocational/professional/educational etc qualifications 学术/职业/专业/教育学历
the academic qualifications needed for university entrance 大学入学所需的学术资格
technical/secretarial/medical etc qualifications 技术/秘书/医疗学历证书
Applicants should have an EFL qualification and a year's teaching experience. 申请人需要有EFL证书，同时还要有一年的教学经验。
qualification in
She gained a qualification in marketing. 她取得了市场开发方面的学历证书。
40 percent of the prisoners lack any qualifications. 40%的囚犯没有任何学历证书。
paper qualifications British English (=official qualifications rather than experience or personal qualities) 学历证书
2 [countable usually plural] a skill, personal quality, or type of experience that makes you suitable for a particular job or position 资历
qualification for
qualification to do something
There have been questions about his qualifications to lead the company. 他的资历在带领公司方面有很多问题。
Does he have the right qualifications to become a Supreme Court Justice? 他有适当的资历成为高等法院的法官吗？
3 [uncountable] when a person or team reaches a necessary standard, for example by passing an examination or defeating another team 合格
Upon qualification, you can expect to find work abroad fairly easily. 如果成绩合格，你就已很容易地在国外找到工作。
qualification for
the US qualification for the World Cup 美国获得了参加世界杯足球赛的资格
lunchtime noun [uncountable and countable] the time in the middle of the day when people usually eat their lunch午餐时间
at lunchtime
Some people prefer to eat their main meal at lunchtime. 有些人愿意在午餐时间吃主食。
a lunchtime drink 午餐饮料
photocopier paper (printer paper)
frustrate verb [transitive]
1 if something frustrates you, it makes you feel annoyed or angry because you are unable to do what you want 使某人感到生气、痛苦
The fact that he's working with amateurs really frustrates him. 他与一群业余人士共同工作让他很不开心。
2 [usually passive] to prevent someone's plans, efforts, or attempts from succeeding 阻挠某人的计划、努力
Their attempts to speak to him were frustrated by the guards. 一群士兵阻挠他们试图与他谈话的努力。
frustrated adjective
1 feeling annoyed, upset, and impatient, because you cannot control or change a situation, or achieve something 生气的，悲伤的，不耐烦的
He gets frustrated when people don't understand what he's trying to say. 当人们不能理解他想要表达的想法时，他很伤心。
frustrated with/at
She had become increasingly frustrated with her life. 她感到自己的生活越来越没有希望。
frustrating adjective
making you feel annoyed, upset, or impatient because you cannot do what you want to do 令人生气的、悲伤的、无奈的
My job can be very frustrating sometimes. 我的工作有时非常令人无奈。
violent adjective
1 involving actions that are intended to injure or kill people, by hitting them, shooting them etc 暴力的
the increase in violent crime 暴力案件的增加
violent clashes between the police and demonstrators 警察和示威人群之间的暴力冲突
31 people have been injured in violent incidents throughout the day. 一整天有31个在暴力事件中受伤。
2 someone who is violent is likely to attack, hurt, or kill other people 攻击性的，
ￚ同义词 aggressive
My father was a violent and dangerous man.我的父亲是一位易怒危险的人物。
3 showing very strong angry emotions or opinions 愤怒的
violent quarrel/argument/row etc 激烈的争吵
They had a violent quarrel and John stormed out.
4 violent feelings are strong and very difficult to control 愤怒的情绪
They took a violent dislike to each other. 他们之间彼此非常不喜欢对方。
She has a violent temper. 她脾气暴躁。
5 violent headache/fit etc 剧烈的头痛
a physical feeling or reaction that is very painful or difficult to control
6 violent film/play/drama 暴力电影/演出/戏剧
a film etc that contains a lot of violence 一部充斥着大量暴力情景的电影
a storm etc that happens with a lot of force
irreparable adjective written书面语
irreparable damage, harm etc is so bad that it can never be repaired or made better 无法修复的
Extensive mining will cause irreparable damage to the area. 大规模的开采煤矿会对该地区造成无法挽回的损害。
ￚirreparably adverb
replace verb [transitive]
1 to start doing something instead of another person, or start being used instead of another thing 替换
I'm replacing Sue on the team. 我接替苏在这个团队工作。
Lectures have replaced the old tutorial system. 讲座代替了陈旧的辅导课形式。
2to remove someone from their job or something from its place, and put a new person or thing there 接替
Two of the tyres had to be replaced. 两个轮胎需要更换。
replace something with something
They replaced the permanent staff with part-timers. 他们将长期雇用的员工用临时工代替。
3 if you replace something that has been broken, stolen etc, you get a new one换成新的
I'll replace the vase I broke as soon as possible. 我将把上次打碎的花瓶换掉。
replacement noun
1[uncountable] when you get something that is newer or better than the one you had before 替换物
Our old car is badly in need of replacement. 我们的这辆旧车仅需更换。
2 knee/hip/joint replacement 膝盖/臀部/关节置换
an artificial knee etc that replaces a damaged one, given to people in a medical operation 假关节
3[countable] someone or something that replaces another person or thing 接替人
replacement for
It was difficult to find a replacement for Ted. 很难找到接替泰德工作的人。
IV. Vocabulary consolidation of unit 7b on page 165.
V. Oral practice --- A discussion (3 minutes)
请根据下面提出的模拟场景与自己的另一学习伙伴讨论3分钟。
Scenario
Late Payment
The manufacturing company you work for is experiencing cash flow problems due to delays in receiving payments. You have been asked to suggest ways of dealing with the situation.
Discuss the situation together, and decide:
l What would be the best way of approaching the companies who owe your money
l How the company could discourage customers from paying late in future
思路提示：
1. To set up context: what type of the manufacturing company are you working for?
Example:
We are working for a company that manufactures shoes/computer hardware/ cosmetics/ medicine/ lighting equipment/ cameras ……
2. Best ways of approaching the companies who owe money
(1) Modest ways: telephone/ write email/ hold meetings to remind and persuade their owners
(2) Formal ways: bring an action against them to ask for payment and penalty charges
3. Future solutions --- please find answers from unit 3b in the textbook and information from a reading passage in lesson 7; but do remember to find relevant solutions related to customers not your staff or your suppliers.
· Ask customers for cash on delivery
· Reduce credit terms from 30 to 20 days
· Add penalty charges for late payment: There should be legal penalties for late payment. Late payers should be legally required to pay interest on the debt. To be effective, the interest rate would be high.
· Finally, a system of fines (to be paid in addition to the interest payments) should be introduced.
· Our company should sign contracts with customers to obtain payment for outstanding debts.
在这部分的交流中要注意要给对方机会，不要自己忘乎所以的高谈阔论，而对方连一句嘴都插不进来。要记住这部分是讨论(discussion)，而不是辩论(debate), 比如你可以说What do you think? //What’s your opinion?//How about you?//Do you agree with me? 当对方说出自己的想法后，你还可以说I think so. // I agree with you.// Your idea sounds practical.
同时，如果你的同伴在表达上不够理想时，如果你能伸出“援助之手”的话，考官在评定你交流能力时就会给你很高的评价。
请看演示
VI. BEC Vantage Speaking Test
Speaking
口语考试开始后共进行三个部分的考察。第一部分：考官与两位考生对于日常生活及商务话题进行交流。（3分钟）第二部分：由两位学生分别做长度为一分钟的讲话，话题会在考试中给出。（6分钟）第三部分：两名学生之间进行交流，后再由考官与两名考生进行交流。（5分钟）
Part One
Good morning/afternoon/evening. My name is …………….and this is my colleague ….
What’s your name? Where are you from? 这里你要说出自己的全名和你的籍贯，而不是你的学校或城区名。
***Sample Answer: My name is Xin Ying. I’m from
Do you work or are you a student? 注意：选择疑问句。
What work do you do? // What do you study?
What do you like most about your studies/work? 该句的意思是：你对学业或工作的哪些方面感兴趣？
Now, in this part of the test, I’m going to ask you both some questions on the topic of…………….
Dress code
l A, How do you normally dress for work or college? (How about you, B?)
l B, Do you think companies should have a dress code for their employees? (How about you, A?)
l A, Do you think it necessary to be smartly dressed for promotion?
l B, in the future, do you think business people will dress more formally or less formally?
Part Two
在第二部分，两个考生将要分开执行性质上相同但内容不同的任务。
考生A的卡片示例
A： WHAT IS IMPORTANT WHEN …?
Choosing a business course
l content
l reputation of business school
l
l
B： WHAT IS IMPORTANT WHEN …?
Showing visitors around a factory
l safety of the visitors
l size of the group
l
l
C： WHAT IS IMPORTANT WHEN …?
Exporting products
l transport arrangement
l legal requirements
l
l
考生B的卡片示例：
A： WHAT IS IMPORTANT WHEN …?
Choosing an office building
l location
l appearance
l
l
B： WHAT IS IMPORTANT WHEN …?
Aiming to increase product margins
l raising prices
l reducing production costs
l
l
C： WHAT IS IMPORTANT WHEN …?
Managing an office sales team
l holding regular meetings
l setting challenging targets
l
l
当一分钟准备时间到了之后，考官会让B考生先开始。同时，B考生在陈述自己的观点时A考生还需要仔细倾听，并在一分钟后向B提出一个问题, B必须简单回答。之后，A考生继续刚才的模式完成自己的任务。
提问举例：
假设B考生选择话题A, 那么按照前面讲课中给出的示例来演讲一分钟。
When choosing an office building, there are at least three points that should be taken into account. First, the location must be an important factor. The building itself should be located in a fast-growing business area with easy access to public bus routes and underground stations. Also, the appearance of the office building should be considered. A well-established company may present itself as a conservative and traditional image, so it would like the appearance to be traditional-looking. On the other hand, a modern company would like to choose an office block with the appearance of modernity. A further factor is its parking facilities. Its parking facilities should both include surface and underground car parking with sufficient car parking spaces. There are, of course, some other factors to be considered, such as amenities and terms of the contract.
A考生可以发问的问题有很多，比如：
Do you think it is a good idea to find a place outside the city centre to cut the overheads?
How large are enough for parking spaces?
Would a company lease its office space or buy it?
How long should a company sign its lease?
What do you think of high street facilities?
总结上述提问，技巧包括：（1）从已经谈论问题中抽取概貌问细节；（2）从另一全新的角度发问。大家可以先实践再创新。
VII. 商务文章阅读赏析
Call for a ban on public smoking
From the President of the Royal College
Sir, We believe that the time has come for legislation to make public places smoke-free. Passive smoking causes an estimated 1,000 deaths in adults each year and causes asthma气喘病, lung infections and middle ear disease in children.
The great majority of people in the
Most public places are somebody’s workplace, and employers have a duty to protect employees from harm. Many workplaces are now smoke-free but in the hospitality industry smoke exposure is still very high and poses a particular risk. The current system of self-regulation has failed to protect the majority of staff or customers.
Most smokers want to quit smoking and smoke-free policies help them to do so. If all workplaces that currently permit smoking in
As doctors, seeing the daily consequences of smoking and passive smoking, we agree and call on the Government to introduce legislation at the earliest possible opportunity.
Yours faithfully
Bans on public smoking are spreading across the world
By Nigel Hawkes
Health Editor
SMOKING bans in public places are spreading across the world far more rapidly than most people realize.
What California started is now about to become the norm in several European countries, and has already been enforced in Thailand, Singapore, South Australian, parts of Canada, Cape Town, Tokyo and in ‘hundreds of towns where there are local ordinances 法令，条例’ says Action against Smoking and Health (Ash).
The
Other European countries have been more reluctant, prompting David Byrne, the EU’s Health Commissioner, to suggest a European Directive on the issue. Legislation to ban public smoking is “simply a matte of time,” he said in September.
prompt verb
1 [transitive] to make someone decide to do something 促使某人做出决定
prompt somebody to do something
What prompted you to buy that suit?
2 [transitive] to make people say or do something as a reaction 激起
The decision prompted an outcry among prominent
3 [transitive] to help a speaker who pauses, by suggesting how to continue 提示
'I can't decide.' said Beatrice. 'Decide what?' prompted Marlon.
In
Different places have approached the introduction of bans in different ways. Amanda Sandford of Ash says. “In
Those in favour of such a ban in
The Office of National Statistics published a survey this year which showed that 87 per cent supported such bans.
The Government has so far declined to adopt its Chief Medical Officer’s advice, fearing that bans will be seen as infringing freedom. The economic effects remain controversial. Three
infringe verb [transitive]
to do something that is against a law or someone's legal rights
A backup copy of a computer program does not infringe copyright.
ￚinfringement noun [uncountable and countable] the infringement of human rights
infringe on/upon something phrasal verb
to limit someone's freedom in some way
Some students argued that the rule infringed on their right to free speech.
------ THE TIMES TUESDAY NOVEMBER 25 2003
Homework
1. Self-study ex. 1, 3 and 4 of unit 7b on page 104.
2. You are the training manager of a company which has won a large export order. You have been asked to organise foreign language training for some of your staff.
Write a memo of 40-50 words to staff:
· explaining why the courses are necessary.
· saying which members of staff should attend
· announcing when the courses will start.
3. Oral practice.
Part One
Managing people
l What skills do you think are important for managing staff?
l Do you think people can be trained to manage staff well?
l Do you think it’s easier to manage a small team or a large team?
l Do you think employers should have longer hours than their staff?
Part Two
考生A的卡片示例
A： WHAT IS IMPORTANT WHEN …?
Deciding which type of company you would like to work for
l Opportunities for staff training
l Foreign travel
l
l
B: WHAT IS IMPORTANT WHEN …?
Selecting an applicant for a job
l Previous experience
l Qualifications
l
l
C: WHAT IS IMPORTANT WHEN …?
Choosing a magazine to advertise a product or service in
l Cost of advertising
l Target readers
l
l
考生B的卡片示例：
A： WHAT IS IMPORTANT WHEN …?
Looking for a new job
l Career opportunities
l Location of job
l
l
B: WHAT IS IMPORTANT WHEN …?
When planning business trips
l Purpose
l Travel arrangements
l
l
C: WHAT IS IMPORTANT WHEN …?
Choosing a conference centre
l Facilities
l Location
l
l
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